Modeling the Evolution of Phenotypic Plasticity

Abstract

Abstract Mathematical models have long played a critical role in evolutionary biology. Models allow us to systematically characterize complex interactions and to explore the consequences of assumptions about genotypes, phenotypes, and the environment. Models of phenotypic plasticity have shaped research and raised a host of compelling questions for ecologists, physiologists, and geneticists. Most formal models of plasticity evolution are only about 15 years old (e.g., Orzack 1985; Via and Lande 1985; Gavrilets 1986; Stearns and Koella 1986), although the concepts are much older (chapter 2). To some extent models have outrun data, as we discuss in this chapter. Yet substantial gaps still exist among plasticity models. Decades ago, Levins (1968) pointed out that models attempt to maximize three things: generality, precision, and realism. However, only two can ever be maximized within a single model. Until now, models of plasticity evolution have concentrated on the first two factors, generality and precision. Few models have attempted to maximize realism, especially with regard to the melding of genetics with traits such as morphology and life history. One goal of this chapter is to point out potential avenues toward this melding.