From tugs to treatments: a systematic review on pharmacological interventions for trichotillomania

Abstract

Abstract Background Trichotillomania (TTM) is a psychiatric disorder with dermatological consequences, characterized by recurrent hair pulling. It affects 1–3% of the population, and often coexists with other psychiatric disorders, leading to emotional distress. Effective management of TTM can be challenging because of underdiagnosis, symptom heterogeneity and stigma. Pharmacological interventions, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) are commonly used. Objectives To assess the existing literature on pharmacotherapy for TTM and identify potential avenues for future research and treatment advancements. Methods A systematic review of the literature was performed using PubMed and Scopus databases within the past 10 years (PROSPERO: CRD42023454009). Included studies assessed pharmacotherapy for TTM and provided insights into current evidence and potential directions for future research and treatment advancements. Results In total, 23 articles were identified that met inclusion criteria. The most successful interventions were NAC, aripiprazole and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. NAC was identified as the most impressive adjunctive therapy to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and behavioural therapies in treatment through its mechanism of decreased glutamate-induced excitatory neuronal damage, with adjunctive antioxidant properties. Most of the other therapeutics that were identified require further research and controlled trials to validate their findings. Conclusions Even if successful therapeutic outcomes are achieved, it is important to consider the patient’s comorbidities and to combine pharmacological interventions with behavioural therapy interventions to comprehensively manage TTM.