Spatial frequency–based correction of the spherical aberration in living brain imaging

Abstract

Abstract Optical errors, including spherical aberrations, hinder high-resolution imaging of biological samples due to biochemical components and physical properties. We developed the Deep-C microscope system to achieve aberration-free images, employing a motorized correction collar and contrast-based calculations. However, current contrast-maximization techniques, such as the Brenner gradient method, inadequately assess specific frequency bands. The Peak-C method addresses this issue, but its arbitrary neighbor selection and susceptibility to the noise limit its effectiveness. In this paper, we emphasize the importance of a broad spatial frequency range for accurate spherical aberration correction and propose Peak-F. This spatial frequency–based system utilizes a fast Fourier transform as a bandpass filter. This approach overcomes Peak-C’s limitations and comprehensively covers the low-frequency domain of image spatial frequencies.