14-Year Longitudinal Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms Among Youth With and Without Type 1 Diabetes

Author:

Helgeson Vicki S1ORCID,Wright Aidan2,Vaughn Abigail1,Becker Dorothy3,Libman Ingrid3

Affiliation:

1. Carnegie Mellon University , USA

2. University of Pittsburgh , USA

3. UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh , USA

Abstract

Abstract Objective There is evidence that youth with type 1 diabetes are at risk for depression, and depression is a significant risk factor for subsequent psychological and physical health problems. However, it is not clear if/when this depression risk emerges. The goal of this study was to determine if there are differences in levels of depressive symptoms between youth with and without type 1 diabetes that develop over the course of emerging adulthood. We also examined whether adolescent psychosocial variables predicted depressive symptoms during emerging adulthood. Methods Youth with (n = 132) and without (n = 131) type 1 diabetes were enrolled in the study at average age 12 and followed for 14 years. Depressive symptoms were measured throughout the study. Psychosocial variables of interest were measured during adolescence. Results Group differences in depressive symptoms emerged by study end at average age 26. Depressive symptoms appeared to decline over time for youth without diabetes and to increase over time for youth with diabetes. Parent relationship difficulties increased over adolescence as did peer conflict for the entire cohort. Supportive relationships with parent and peers predicted fewer end of study depressive symptoms (controlling for baseline depressive symptoms)—equally so for both groups. Conclusions This study provides evidence that those with type 1 diabetes may be at risk for depressive symptoms many years after diagnosis and after adolescence. Although relational difficulties with parents and peers increase during adolescence, supportive relationships over the course of adolescence may help to mitigate depressive symptoms during young adulthood.

Funder

NIH

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Developmental and Educational Psychology,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health

Reference45 articles.

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2. Depression is associated with progression of diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes;Ahola;Diabetes Care,2021

3. Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties;Arnett;The American Psychologist,2000

4. The prevalence of co-morbid depression in adults with type 1 diabetes: Systemic literature review;Barnard;Diabetic Medicine,2006

5. Depressive symptoms and diabetes management from late adolescence to emerging adulthood;Baucom;Health Psychology,2018

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