Renal Hyperfiltration as a New Mechanism of Smoking-Related Mortality

Abstract

Abstract Introduction Renal hyperfiltration (RHF), an established risk factor for mortality, is prevalent among tobacco smokers. The aim of this study was to assess the mediating role of RHF in the association between smoking and mortality. Aims and Methods Data of this study were retrieved from the cohort of the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study (KIHD), including 2064 males from Finland. Study participants were followed over a 35-year period. Using classic and counterfactual mediation analysis approaches, we estimated the mediative effect of RHF in the association between smoking and each of the following outcomes: All-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality, and non-CVD mortality. Results The risk of all-cause mortality in smokers was twice that in nonsmokers (hazard ratio [HR], 2.06; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.84 to 2.31). Under the counterfactual framework the direct effect of smoking on all-cause mortality, controlled for RHF, corresponded to an HR of 2.00 (95% CI: 1.78 to 2.30). Of the effect of smoking on mortality, 5% (p-value = .016) was mediated by RHF. This finding concerned particularly non-CVD mortality. Conclusions RHF mediated the effect of smoking on non-CVD and all-cause mortality, but not on CVD mortality. The generalizability of our study results is however limited by its focus on a Finnish male cohort, underscoring the need for further investigation into RHF’s broader implications across diverse populations. Implications This study elucidates the complex interplay between smoking, renal hyperfiltration (RHF), and mortality, offering novel insights into the mediating role of RHF. Our findings demonstrate that RHF significantly mediates the relationship between smoking and non-cardiovascular disease (non-CVD), but not CVD mortality. This distinction underscores the multifaceted role of RHF beyond its established association with cardiovascular events. By highlighting the specific pathways through which RHF mediates some of the smoking-attributed mortality, this research contributes to our understanding of the mechanisms linking smoking to mortality.