Litchi chinensis inspired nanoformulations: a synergy guided approach for unraveling promising cytotoxic attributes of metal and nonmetal conjugates

Abstract

Abstract In present study, diverse Litchi chinensis-mediated nanostructures in combination with 5-fluorouracil drug were fabricated viz. Au, Se, Ag, Ag–Se, Ag–Au, 5-FU Ag–Se and 5-FU Ag–Au with subsequent characterization and scrutinization of their anticarcinogenic capabilities. UV–Visible spectroscopic analysis confirmed the state transition for each precursor salt. XRD and transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed spherical/quasispherical nanostructures with monoclinic crystalline organization ranged between 18 nm and 38 nm. FTIR analysis revealed fabricated nanoparticles to be capped with various phytoconstituents. DLS and Zeta potential analysis of unloaded and drug-loaded bielemental nanoparticles (BNPs) showed comparatively large hydrodynamic particle size distribution and sufficient stability of nanoparticles. BNPs showed promising lethality concentrations for brine shrimp (LC50 < 2 μg/ml) and antitumor (LC50 < 10 μg/ml) assessments. These findings were in positive correlation with the antioxidant inhibitory concentrations IC50 (74.2–180.1 μg/ml) of the tested entities. Ag–Se and Ag–Au were loaded with 5-FU (loading efficiency of 47% ± 1.14 and 25% ± 0.32, respectively) in light of their promising cytotoxic actions. All nanostructures showed profound hemocompatibility with maximum hemolytic activity as low as 2.4%. Highly significant difference (P < 0.01) was observed in antineoplastic potentials of unloaded and 5-FU loaded BNPs against HepG2 and HT144, with most substantial IC50 for 5-FU Ag–Au (8.95 ± 2.86 μg/ml). 5-FU Ag–Au was identified as a significant inducer of DNA fragmentation with maximum relative tail moment (HepG2: 3.45 ± 0.21) among all treatments.