Affiliation:
1. Bayat Vocational School, Afyon Kocatepe University , Afyonkarahisar 03200 , Turkey
2. Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bartın University, Faculty of Science , Bartın 74110 , Turkey
3. Department of Biochemistry, Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Afyonkarahisar 03200 , Turkey
4. Department of Gastroenterology, Ministry of Health Eskisehir City Hospital , Eskisehir 26080 , Turkey
5. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Afyonkarahisar 03200 , Turkey
Abstract
Abstract
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and arsenic cause severe and extensive biological toxicity in organisms. However, their interactions and toxic mechanisms in co-exposure remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, 28 four-week-old female rats were divided into four groups and exposed to 100 mg/L arsenic or/and 600 mg/L 2,4-D through drinking water for a period of 28 days. As a result, it was revealed that biochemical indicators (ALT, AST, ALP, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine) were increased and decreased hormonal parameters (FSH, LH, PG, and E2) in arsenic and 2,4-D and arsenic combination-treated groups. Moreover, increased lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde level) and decreased antioxidant status (superoxide dismutase and catalase activities) were found in the co-exposure groups compared with the individual-exposure groups. Meanwhile, severe DNA damage was observed in co-exposure groups. Additionally, the levels of apoptotic (Bax, Caspase-3, Caspase-8, Caspase-9, p53, and PARP) and inflammation (NFκB, Cox-2, TNF-α, and TGFβI) indexes in the co-exposure groups were markedly increased, whereas the levels of anti-apoptosis index (Bcl-2) were decreased. It was also observed that co-exposure with 2,4-D and arsenic caused more histopathological changes in tissues. Generally, these results show that co-exposure to 2,4-D and arsenic can seriously cause oxidative stress, DNA damage, apoptosis and inflammation while having toxicological risk for organisms.
Funder
Afyon Kocatepe University Scientific Research Council of Turkey
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Subject
Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis,Toxicology