Distinct Alterations in Central Pain Processing of Visceral and Somatic Pain in Quiescent Ulcerative Colitis Compared to Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Health

Abstract

Abstract Background and Aims Despite relevance to pain chronicity, disease burden, and treatment, mechanisms of pain perception for different types of acute pain remain incompletely understood in patients with inflammatory bowel disease [IBD]. Building on experimental research across pain modalities, we herein addressed behavioural and neural correlates of visceral versus somatic pain processing in women with quiescent ulcerative colitis [UC] compared to irritable bowel syndrome [IBS] as a patient control group and healthy women [HC]. Methods Thresholds for visceral and somatic pain were assessed with rectal distensions and cutaneous thermal pain, respectively. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, neural and behavioural responses to individually calibrated and intensity-matched painful stimuli from both modalities were compared. Results Pain thresholds were comparable across groups, but visceral thresholds correlated with gastrointestinal symptom severity and chronic stress burden exclusively within UC. Upon experience of visceral and somatic pain, both control groups demonstrated enhanced visceral pain-induced neural activation and greater perceived pain intensity, whereas UC patients failed to differentiate between pain modalities at both behavioural and neural levels. Conclusions When confronted with acute pain from multiple bodily sites, UC patients’ responses are distinctly altered. Their failure to prioritise pain arising from the viscera may reflect a lack of adaptive behavioural flexibility, possibly resulting from long-lasting central effects of repeated intestinal inflammatory insults persisting during remission. The role of psychological factors, particularly chronic stress, in visceral sensitivity and disease-specific alterations in the response to acute pain call for dedicated mechanistic research as a basis for tailoring interventions for intestinal and extraintestinal pain symptoms in IBD.