Plant Extract and Herbal Products as Potential Source of Sorbent for Analytical Purpose: An Experimental Study of Morphine and Codeine Determination Using HPLC and LC–MSMS

Author:

Ghorani-Azam Adel1,Balali-Mood Mahdi2,Khatami Seyed-Mola3,Asoodeh Ahmad4,Es’haghi Zarrin5,Riahi-Zanjani Bamdad6

Affiliation:

1. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia 5714783734, Iran

2. Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand 9717853577, Iran

3. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Samen Hojaj, Mashhad Branch, Technical and Vocational University (TVU), Tehran 9186459433, Iran

4. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran

5. Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, Mashhad 9189896311, Iran

6. Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran

Abstract

Abstract Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is an analytical method for microextraction of analytes, in which the analytes bind to the sorbent on the surface of the SPME fiber. Many types of chemical agents are used as sorbent; however, many of these sorbents cause secondary contamination or are not cost-effective. Here, aqueous extract of Ferula gummosa was evaluated as potential source of sorbent for simultaneous microextraction of morphine and codeine. For this purpose, multiwalled carbon nanotubes were carboxylated with H2SO4/HNO3 (3:1) and then functionalized with aqueous extract of F. gummosa. Functionalization was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy measurements as well as scanning electron microscopy analysis. Porous polypropylene hollow fibers were filled with the functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and used for analyte extraction in urine sample at 40°C and pH 6 for 2 min. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis showed that the fiber could preconcentrate 1 ng/mL of morphine and 0.75 ng/mL codeine in urine sample and was successfully used for 30 times with no significant loss in the extraction efficiency. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for morphine were 1 and 3.3 ng/mL, respectively. LOD and LOQ for codeine were determined 0.75 and 2.47 ng/mL, respectively. Recovery of the fiber was 80% and 93% for morphine and codeine, respectively. SPME fiber using extract of F. gummosa plant was used for the detection of a small amount of morphine in urine sample. Therefore, plants can be considered as abundant and cheap sources of sorbent for various analytical purposes.

Funder

Vice Chancellor for Research of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

General Medicine,Analytical Chemistry

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