Experimental demonstration of exclusively passive feeding in the sea-turtle barnacle Chelonibia testudinaria (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cirripedia: Coronulidae)

Abstract

Abstract Barnacles are sessile suspension feeders whose feeding efficiency and behavior is largely determined by the movement of water through their environment. Barnacles expend energy to feed actively in environments with low flow velocity, whereas they may feed passively at higher flow velocities, which is more efficient than active feeding. Many intertidal barnacles have been shown to switch between active and passive feeding modes as water velocities change, but little is known about the behavior of epibiotic species attached to mobile hosts, which are exposed to more consistent feeding currents. To assess the response of epibiotic barnacles to flow, laboratory-reared sea-turtle barnacles, Chelonibia testudinaria (Linnaeus, 1758), were subjected to a wide range of water velocities in both the presence and absence of food particles. Their behaviors were video-recorded and categorized using an automated behavior recognition algorithm compiled in R. Individuals of C. testudinaria only displayed passive feeding behavior, but did not feed at lowest test velocities. This species fed most at flow velocities between 25 cm s–1 and 40 cm s–1 (linear mixed effects model, F = 19.30, P < 0.001), a range that correlates well with the average swimming speed of two common host species, the loggerhead and green sea turtles, on which C. testudinaria resides. Chelonibia testudinaria displayed longer average feeding durations when food particles were absent than when food was abundant (linear mixed effects model, F = 11.76, P = 0.001), a result that is in line with the expectations of optimal foraging theory for suspension-feeding invertebrates. Lack of active feeding in this species may have evolved following the establishment of its epibiotic nature and may make this obligate epibiotic species entirely reliant on its hosts’ movements to provide a feeding current. This is the only barnacle species known to not facultatively switch between active and passive feeding modes.