Myology of the masticatory apparatus of herbivorous mammals and a novel classification for a better understanding of herbivore diversity

Author:

Ercoli Marcos D123ORCID,Álvarez Alicia123ORCID,Warburton Natalie M4,Janis Christine M56,Potapova Elena G7,Herring Susan W8,Cassini Guillermo H1910ORCID,Tarquini Juliana111,Kuznetsov Alexander12ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) , Godoy Cruz 2290, C1425FQB Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Argentina

2. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas (INECOA), Universidad Nacional de Jujuy (UNJu-CONICET) , Av. Bolivia 1239, Y4600GNE San Salvador de Jujuy, Jujuy , Argentina

3. Laboratorio de Paleontología de Vertebrados, Instituto de Geología y Minería, UNJu , Av. Bolivia 1661, Y4600GNE San Salvador de Jujuy, Jujuy , Argentina

4. Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University , Perth, Murdoch, WA 6150 , Australia

5. School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1RJ , UK

6. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University , Providence, RI 02912 , USA

7. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow 119071 , Russia

8. Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Washington , Box 357446, Seattle, WA 98195-7446 , USA

9. División Mastozoología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’ (MACN) , Av. Ángel Gallardo 470, C1405DJR Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Argentina

10. Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Luján , Ruta 5 and Av. Constitución s/n, 6700 Luján, Buenos Aires , Argentina

11. Laboratorio de Paleontología de Vertebrados, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Transferencia Tecnológica a la Producción (CICYTTP), CONICET-Provincia de Entre Ríos-Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos, España 149, E3105BWA Diamante , Entre Ríos , Argentina

12. Borissiak Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow, 117647 , Russia

Abstract

AbstractMasticatory muscle features allow for an understanding of how dietary habits and masticatory functions have evolved across mammalian lineages. Herbivorous mammals were traditionally classified as pertaining to either ‘ungulate-grinding’ or ‘rodent-gnawing’ morphotypes, but those classes might not adequately encompass the diversity of past and present herbivores. We compiled data for 104 herbivorous (nine orders, including new data for 31 species) and ten non-herbivorous (five orders) extant species and for four extinct taxa, in order to construct a more comprehensive scheme of masticatory morphotypes. A myological phylomorphospace revealed 15 morphotypes, which were tested statistically and interpreted morphofunctionally. Extant herbivorous morphotypes diversified along two main pathways that did not reflect the traditional types. Additionally, some extinct herbivores adapted along alternative pathways to those of extant forms. Early mammaliaforms and mammals possessed muscle proportions almost identical to those of living carnivores. Several more plesiomorphic herbivorous morphotypes were recognized, with some of them retaining generalized myological proportions. The rodent disparity was remarkable and could not be encompassed by a single category or pathway. Features of some derived euungulates and diprotodonts resembled rodents, but only a few extinct euungulates and extant wombats converged closely with them. Criteria for selecting models for palaeobiological reconstructions are discussed.

Funder

Agencia Nacional de Promoción de la Investigación, el Desarrollo Tecnológico y la Innovación

Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Animal Science and Zoology,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics

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