A new stem-neopterygian fish from the Middle Triassic (Anisian) of Yunnan, China, with a reassessment of the relationships of early neopterygian clades

Abstract

Abstract Neopterygii is a taxonomically diverse group of ray-finned fishes, including Teleostei, Holostei and their closely related fossil taxa. Here, a new small-sized stem-neopterygian with extraordinarily long teeth, Louwoichthys pusillus gen. et sp. nov., is described based on 14 well-preserved specimens from the Middle Triassic (Anisian) marine deposits of Yunnan, China. Louwoichthys is closely related to Luopingichthys from the same fossil beds and Ctenognathichthys from the Middle Triassic of the Monte San Giorgio area in Europe; the three genera are grouped into the family Louwoichthyidae fam. nov., which is recovered as sister to the ‘perleidiform’ Pseudobeaconiidae. Given that ‘Perleidiformes’ is notoriously paraphyletic, a new order, Louwoichthyiformes ord. nov., is introduced to group both families. The louwoichthyiform monophyly is strongly supported by a series of derived features, such as a relatively short maxilla, an anteriorly inclined preopercle, a subopercle with a prominent anteroventral extension, and two or three pairs of branchiostegal rays. Louwoichthys is one of the smallest louwoichthyiforms, having a largest standard length of 39 mm. It is deduced to be a scavenger that might use its long and sharp teeth to grasp and tear the prey from the substrate or to bite a piece from a larger prey item.