Origin, extinction and ancient DNA of a new fossil insular viper: molecular clues of overseas immigration

Author:

Torres-Roig Enric1ORCID,Mitchell Kieren J2,Alcover Josep Antoni3,Martínez-Freiría Fernando4,Bailón Salvador56,Heiniger Holly2,Williams Matthew2,Cooper Alan7,Pons Joan3,Bover Pere89

Affiliation:

1. Departament de Dinàmica de la Terra i de l’Oceà, Facultat de Ciències de la Terra, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

2. Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Biological Sciences, Environment Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

3. Departament de Biodiversitat Animal i Microbiana. Institut Mediterrani d’Estudis Avançats (UIB-CSIC), Esporles, Mallorca, Spain

4. CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos da Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal

5. Histoire Naturelle de l’Homme Préhistorique, UMR 7194, Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, Paris, France

6. Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique: Sociétés, Pratiques, Environnements, UMR 7209, Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, Paris, France

7. South Australian Museum, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

8. Aragonese Foundation for Research & Development (ARAID), Zaragoza, Spain

9. IUCA, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias Ambientales-Grupo Aragosaurus. Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain

Abstract

Abstract Viperinae is a subfamily of viperid snakes whose fossil record in the Mediterranean islands is, until now, restricted to 12 palaeontological deposits on seven islands. Revision of the material excavated 30 years ago from the Middle/Late Pleistocene–Holocene deposit of Es Pouàs [Eivissa (= Ibiza), Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean] revealed about 6000 bones of a small-sized viper across different stratigraphic levels. Its morphological characteristics are different enough to known species of Vipera to warrant the description of a new species, but the nearly complete mitochondrial genome obtained from this snake based on a sample dated to 16 130 ± 45 bp, suggested it belonged to a new insular population of Lataste’s viper (Vipera latastei), Vipera latastei ebusitana subsp. nov. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the dispersal of the ancestors of V. l. ebusitana to Eivissa, most probably from a north-east Iberian population, occurred via overwater colonization < 1.5 Mya, well after the Messinian Salinity Crisis (5.97–5.32 Mya) when land bridges allowed terrestrial colonization of the Balearic Islands by mainland faunas. The morphological differences between V. l. ebusitana and the Iberian populations suggest that it is a new dwarf taxon resulting from insular evolutionary processes, becoming extinct shortly after the first human arrival to this island about 4000 years ago.

Funder

Australian Research Council

Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Animal Science and Zoology,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics

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