The history of the Milky Way: The evolution of star formation, cosmic rays, metallicity, and stellar dynamics over cosmic time

Abstract

Abstract We study the long-term evolution of the Milky Way (MW) over cosmic time by modeling the star formation, cosmic rays, metallicity, stellar dynamics, outflows, and inflows of the galactic system to obtain various insights into the galactic evolution. The mass accretion is modeled by the results of cosmological N-body simulations for the cold dark matter. We find that the star formation rate is about half the mass accretion rate of the disk, given the consistency between observed Galactic diffuse X-ray emissions (GDXEs) and possible conditions driving the Galactic wind.Our model simultaneously reproduces the quantities of star formation rate, cosmic rays, metals, and the rotation curve of the current MW. The most important predictions of the model are that there is an unidentified accretion flow with a possible number density of ∼10−2 cm−3 and that part of the GDXEs originates from a hot, diffuse plasma which is formed by consuming about $10\%$ of supernova explosion energy. The latter is the science case for future X-ray missions: XRISM, Athena, and so on. We also discuss further implications of our results for the planet formation and observations of external galaxies in terms of multi-messenger astronomy.