Standardized amino acid digestibility and nitrogen-corrected true metabolizable energy of frozen raw, freeze-dried raw, fresh, and extruded dog foods using precision-fed cecectomized and conventional rooster assays

Abstract

Abstract Processing conditions, particularly temperature and duration of heating, impact pet food digestibility. Various commercial pet food formats are now available, but few have been tested thoroughly. The objective of this study was to determine the amino acid (AA) digestibilities and nitrogen-corrected true metabolizable energy (TMEn) values of frozen raw, freeze-dried raw, fresh (mildly cooked), and extruded dog foods using the precision-fed cecectomized and conventional rooster assays. The diets tested were Chicken and Barley Recipe [Hill’s Science Diet, extruded diet (EXT)], Chicken and White Rice Recipe [Just Food for Dogs, fresh diet (FRSH)], Chicken Formula [Primal Pet Foods, frozen raw diet (FRZN)], Chicken and Sorghum Hybrid Freeze-dried Formula [Primal Pet Foods, hybrid freeze-dried raw diet (HFD)], and Chicken Dinner Patties [Stella & Chewy’s, freeze-dried raw diet (FD)]. Two precision-fed rooster assays utilizing Single Comb White Leghorn roosters were conducted. Cecectomized roosters (n = 4/treatment) and conventional roosters (n = 4/treatment) were used to determine standardized AA digestibilities and TMEn, respectively. All roosters were crop intubated with 12 g of test diet and 12 g of corn, with excreta collected for 48 h. In general, FD had the highest, while EXT had the lowest AA digestibilities; however, all diets performed relatively well and few differences in AA digestibility were detected among the diets. Lysine digestibility was higher (P < 0.05) in FD and FRZN than EXT, with other diets being intermediate. Threonine digestibility was higher (P < 0.05) in FD than EXT, with other diets being intermediate. Digestibilities of the other indispensable AA were not different among diets. The reactive lysine:total lysine ratios were 0.94, 0.96, 0.93, 0.93, and 0.95 for EXT, FRSH, FRZN, HFD, and FD, respectively. TMEn was higher (P < 0.05) in FRZN than FD, FRSH, and EXT, higher (P < 0.05) in HFD than FRSH and EXT, and higher (P < 0.05) in FD than EXT. In conclusion, our results support the notion that AA digestibilities are affected by diet processing, with FD, HFD, FRZN, and FRSH diets having higher AA digestibility coefficients and greater TMEn values, than the EXT diet; however, other factors such as ingredient inclusion and macronutrient composition may also have affected these results. More research in dogs is necessary to test the effects of format on diet palatability, digestibility, stool quality, and other physiologically relevant outcomes.