Causal associations and genetic overlap between COVID-19 and intelligence

Abstract

Summary Objective COVID-19 might cause neuroinflammation in the brain, which could decrease neurocognitive function. We aimed to evaluate the causal associations and genetic overlap between COVID-19 and intelligence. Methods We performed Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to assess potential associations between three COVID-19 outcomes and intelligence (N = 269 867). The COVID phenotypes included severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection (N = 2 501 486), hospitalized COVID-19 (N = 1 965 329) and critical COVID-19 (N = 743 167). Genome-wide risk genes were compared between the genome-wide association study (GWAS) datasets on hospitalized COVID-19 and intelligence. In addition, functional pathways were constructed to explore molecular connections between COVID-19 and intelligence. Results The MR analyses indicated that genetic liabilities to SARS-CoV-2 infection (odds ratio [OR]: 0.965, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.939–0.993) and critical COVID-19 (OR: 0.989, 95% CI: 0.979–0.999) confer causal effects on intelligence. There was suggestive evidence supporting the causal effect of hospitalized COVID-19 on intelligence (OR: 0.988, 95% CI: 0.972–1.003). Hospitalized COVID-19 and intelligence share 10 risk genes within 2 genomic loci, including MAPT and WNT3. Enrichment analysis showed that these genes are functionally connected within distinct subnetworks of 30 phenotypes linked to cognitive decline. The functional pathway revealed that COVID-19-driven pathological changes within the brain and multiple peripheral systems may lead to cognitive impairment. Conclusions Our study suggests that COVID-19 may exert a detrimental effect on intelligence. The tau protein and Wnt signaling may mediate the influence of COVID-19 on intelligence.