Comparative phylogeography and genetic diversity of two co-occurring anti-tropical krill species Hansarsia megalops and Thysanoessa gregaria in the Atlantic Ocean

Abstract

Abstract Hansarsia megalops and Thysanoessa gregaria are two abundant krill species in the warm-temperate belts in the North and South Atlantic. This pattern of disjunct distribution, often referred to as anti-tropical (or bipolar), is a regular phenomenon among marine organisms that can appear at different taxonomic levels. Analysis of spatial genetic diversity based on variation of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene was carried out to understand whether these broadly sympatric krill species have similar patterns in population structure and demographic history. The results suggested that the anti-tropical distribution of both species was driven by trans-equatorial migrations during different historical periods. We observed contrasting differences in genetic diversity between species coupled with similar patterns of genetic diversity and structure in disjunct populations on both sides of the equator. We also found additional genetically distinctive populations of T. gregaria in the South Atlantic in Subantarctic waters and showed that the Southern Subtropical Frontal Zone acts as a strong boundary between two genetically distinctive populations of T. gregaria. The results suggest that both species-specific habitat preferences and interactions between closely related species (congeners) may shape differences in population genetic diversity and structure among species.