Serum Immunoglobulin G Antibodies to Human Papillomavirus Type 6 L1, E2, E4, E6, and E7 Proteins Among Children Prospectively Followed up for 3 Years

Abstract

Abstract Background Current knowledge implicates that human papillomavirus (HPV) infection can be acquired at an early age. However, the role of HPV-specific passive immunization from mother to neonate is nearly unexplored, especially against the HPV early proteins. We analyzed immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against HPV-6 early (E2, E4, E6, E7) and late (L1) proteins in children prospectively followed up for 3 years. Methods A total of 272 children and their mothers from the Finnish Family HPV Study were included in these analyses. Serum samples were obtained from pregnant mothers at their third trimester and from newborn/infants at 1-, 2-, 6-, 12-, 24-, and 36-month visits after birth. Antibodies were analyzed by multiplex serology based on glutathione S-transferase fusion protein capture to fluorescent beads. Results Maternal antibodies to all tested HPV-6 proteins were transferred to neonates, concordance between maternal and neonates’ antibody levels being highly significant (P < .001). Seropositivity of HPV-6 L1 in the neonates declined during the first 6 months of life, whereas changes in the E protein antibodies were less obvious. After the maternal antibodies had vanished, seroconversion to HPV-6 L1 at 12 months (median) and to the HPV-6 E proteins between 23 and 35 months was observed. Conclusions IgG antibodies against HPV-6 E and L proteins are transferred from mothers to their children. Seroconversion against HPV-6 L1, E2, E4, E6, and E7 does occur in early childhood, as a sign of acquired HPV-6 infection by vertical or horizontal transmission starting at 12 months of age.