The Ability of a 3-Gene Host Signature in Blood to Distinguish Tuberculous Meningitis From Other Brain Infections

Abstract

Abstract Background Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is difficult to diagnose. We investigated whether a 3-gene host response signature in blood can distinguish TBM from other brain infections. Methods The expression of 3 genes (dual specificity phosphatase 3 [DUSP3], guanylate-binding protein [GBP5], krupple-like factor 2 [KLF2]) was analyzed by RNA sequencing of archived whole blood from 4 cohorts of Vietnamese adults: 281 with TBM, 279 with pulmonary tuberculosis, 50 with other brain infections, and 30 healthy controls. Tuberculosis scores (combined 3-gene expression) were calculated following published methodology and discriminatory performance compared using area under a receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC). Results GBP5 was upregulated in TBM compared to other brain infections (P < .001), with no difference in DUSP3 and KLF2 expression. The diagnostic performance of GBP5 alone (AUC, 0.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], .67–.81) was slightly better than the 3-gene tuberculosis score (AUC, 0.66; 95% CI, .58–.73) in TBM. Both GBP5 expression and tuberculosis score were higher in participants with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; P < .001), with good diagnostic performance of GBP5 alone (AUC, 0.86; 95% CI, .80–.93). Conclusions The 3-gene host signature in whole blood has the ability to discriminate TBM from other brain infections, including in individuals with HIV. Validation in large prospective diagnostic study is now required.