The Burden of Hepatitis A Outbreaks in the United States: Health Outcomes, Economic Costs, and Management Strategies

Abstract

Abstract Background Hepatitis A (HepA) vaccines are recommended for US adults at risk of HepA. Ongoing United States (US) HepA outbreaks since 2016 have primarily spread person-to-person, especially among at-risk groups. We investigated the health outcomes, economic burden, and outbreak management considerations associated with HepA outbreaks from 2016 onwards. Methods A systematic literature review was conducted to assess HepA outbreak-associated health outcomes, health care resource utilization (HCRU), and economic burden. A targeted literature review evaluated HepA outbreak management considerations. Results Across 33 studies reporting on HepA outbreak-associated health outcomes/HCRU, frequently reported HepA-related morbidities included acute liver failure/injury (n = 6 studies of 33 studies) and liver transplantation (n = 5 of 33); reported case fatality rates ranged from 0% to 10.8%. Hospitalization rates reported in studies investigating person-to-person outbreaks ranged from 41.6% to 84.8%. Ten studies reported on outbreak-associated economic burden, with a national study reporting an average cost of over $16 000 per hospitalization. Thirty-four studies reported on outbreak management; challenges included difficulty reaching at-risk groups and vaccination distrust. Successes included targeted interventions and increasing public awareness. Conclusions This review indicates a considerable clinical and economic burden of ongoing US HepA outbreaks. Targeted prevention strategies and increased public awareness and vaccination coverage are needed to reduce HepA burden and prevent future outbreaks.