Detection of Respiratory Syncytial Virus or Rhinovirus Weeks After Hospitalization for Bronchiolitis and the Risk of Recurrent Wheezing

Abstract

Abstract Background In severe bronchiolitis, it is unclear if delayed clearance or sequential infection of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) or rhinovirus (RV) is associated with recurrent wheezing. Methods In a 17-center severe bronchiolitis cohort, we tested nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA) upon hospitalization and 3 weeks later (clearance swab) for respiratory viruses using PCR. The same RSV subtype or RV genotype in NPA and clearance swab defined delayed clearance (DC); a new RSV subtype or RV genotype at clearance defined sequential infection (SI). Recurrent wheezing by age 3 years was defined per national asthma guidelines. Results Among 673 infants, RSV DC and RV DC were not associated with recurrent wheezing, and RSV SI was rare. The 128 infants with RV SI (19%) had nonsignificantly higher risk of recurrent wheezing (hazard ratio [HR], 1.31; 95% confidence interval [CI], .95–1.80; P = .10) versus infants without RV SI. Among infants with RV at hospitalization, those with RV SI had a higher risk of recurrent wheezing compared to children without RV SI (HR, 2.49; 95% CI, 1.22–5.06; P = .01). Conclusions Among infants with severe bronchiolitis, those with RV at hospitalization followed by a new RV infection had the highest risk of recurrent wheezing.