Statins synergize with phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors but not with selective estrogen receptor modulators to prevent myofibroblast transformation in an in vitro model of Peyronie’s disease

Abstract

Abstract Background Peyronie’s disease (PD) is a fibrotic disorder characterized by plaque formation in the tunica albuginea (TA) of the penis, and we have previously shown that inhibition of transformation of TA-derived fibroblasts to myofibroblasts using a combination phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) is effective in slowing the progression of early PD. Aim The study sought to investigate whether combinations of statins with PDE5 inhibitors or SERMs would affect myofibroblast transformation in vitro. Methods Primary fibroblasts were isolated from TA of patients with PD and stimulated with transforming growth factor β1 in the absence and presence of a range of concentrations of statins, PDE5 inhibitors, SERMs, and their combinations for 72 hours before quantifying α-smooth muscle actin using in-cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Outcomes The prevention of transforming growth factor β1–induced transformation of TA-derived fibroblasts to myofibroblasts was measured in vitro. Results Statins (simvastatin, lovastatin) inhibited myofibroblast transformation in a concentration-dependent manner with half maximal inhibitory concentration values of 0.77 ± 0.07 μM and 0.8 ± 0.13 μM, respectively. Simvastatin inhibited myofibroblast transformation in a synergistic fashion when combined with vardenafil (a PDE5 inhibitor; log alpha >0). Combination of tamoxifen (a SERM) and simvastatin did not show synergy (log alpha <0). When 3 drugs (simvastatin, vardenafil, and tamoxifen) were combined, the effect was not synergistic, but rather was additive. Clinical implications A combination of a statin with a PDE5 inhibitor might be useful in the clinic to slow the progression of the disease in patients with early PD; however, caution should be taken with such a combination because of the reported myopathy as a side effect. Strengths and limitations The use of primary human cells from patients with PD is a strength of this study. The mechanisms by which these drug classes exert synergy when used in combination was not investigated. Conclusion This is the first demonstration of an antifibrotic synergy between statins and PDE5 inhibitors.