Double perinatal stress reduces the sexual response of adult female Wistar rats

Abstract

Abstract Background Early-life stress affects physiological development and produces changes in various aspects of emotional behavior. Aim We sought to examine the effects of double perinatal stress (DPS)—a combination of prenatal systemic hypoxic-ischemic (HI) insults and repeated early maternal separation—on the estrus cycle and sexual behavior of adult rats. Methods HI was induced by clamping the uterine arteries of pregnant rats for 45 minutes on the 18th day of gestation (HI group). Sham control animals received laparotomy and anesthesia only. Pups were born at term. Maternal separation was performed from postnatal day 1 (P1) (P0 = day of birth) to P15. At P90, the sexual response of females in estrus was evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed using 2-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s test. Outcomes We considered the estrous cycle and sexual behavior of female rats submitted to DPS, as well as the influence of female behavior on the sexual response of male rats. Results Rats submitted to DPS showed a reduction in the lordosis quotient and in the lordosis rate, suggesting a reduction in female sexual receptivity. DPS female rats showed a reduction in the number of hops and darts and in the genital exploration time rate, suggesting a reduction in sexual proceptivity. In addition, males that interacted with DPS females showed a reduction in the number of ejaculations and in copulatory efficiency. Clinical Implications Developing a deeper understanding of perinatal factors that affect adult female sexual response will allow for more effective interventions to prevent and treat such changes. On the other hand, the analysis of the sexual response allows assessing the quality of life and the general state of health. Strengths and Limitations The development of animal models to investigate the environmental factors that interfere in the female sexual response may allow researchers to propose and test new therapeutic strategies. On the other hand, care must be exercised when interpreting animal data and extrapolating these results to estimate the possible effects of perinatal stressors on the human sexual response. Conclusion Our results revealed that females subjected to DPS showed long-term effects on sexual behavior. In conclusion, managing stressors in prenatal life and early postnatal life can prevent problems in adult sexual life and improve overall health.