Urine interleukin-9 and tumor necrosis factor-α for prognosis of human acute interstitial nephritis

Abstract

Abstract Background We previously demonstrated that urine interleukin (IL)-9 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α can distinguish acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) from other causes of acute kidney injury. Here we evaluated the role of these biomarkers to prognosticate kidney function in patients with AIN. Methods In a cohort of participants with biopsy-proven, adjudicated AIN, we tested the association of histological features and urine biomarkers (IL-9 and TNF-α) with estimated glomerular filtration rate measured 6 months after diagnosis (6 m-eGFR) controlling for eGFR before AIN and albuminuria. We also evaluated subgroups in whom corticosteroid use was associated with 6 m-eGFR. Results In the 51 (93%) of the 55 participants with complete data, median (interquartile range) eGFR before and 6 m after AIN were 41 (27–69) and 28 (13–47) mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively. Patients with higher severity of interstitial fibrosis had lower 6 m-eGFR, whereas those with higher tubulointerstitial infiltrate had higher 6 m-eGFR. IL-9 levels were associated with lower 6 m-eGFR only in the subset of patients who did not receive corticosteroids [6m-eGFR per doubling of IL-9, −6.0 (−9.4 to −2.6) mL/min/1.73 m2]. Corticosteroid use was associated with higher 6 m-eGFR [20.9 (0.2, 41.6) mL/min/1.73 m2] only in those with urine IL-9 above the median (>0.66 ng/g) but not in others. Conclusions Urine IL-9 was associated with lower 6 m-eGFR only in participants not treated with corticosteroids. Corticosteroid use was associated with higher 6 m-eGFR in those with high urine IL-9. These findings provide a framework for IL-9-guided clinical trials to test efficacy of immunosuppressive therapy in patients with AIN.