Divine Law and the Right Way of Living

Abstract

Abstract In the TTP Spinoza sets aside discussion of a “universal ethics” dedicated to exploring the “way of living among human beings.” This chapter investigates the trace of this idea in the Ethics, relating it to the general theory of law Spinoza defends in the TTP. The key features of that theory are Spinoza’s distinction between two orders of law, human and divine, distinguished by their different ends; and his provision of two explanations of the force or practical necessity of law, one prescriptive, the other based on the “necessity of nature.” Central to the argument of the TTP is the contrast between divine law interpreted as command and divine law as universal causal necessity. This chapter argues for a parallel approach to human law in the Ethics. Human law can be understood to consist of commands authorized by the state, or of natural necessities relating causes and effects. Knowledge of such necessities induces in the philosopher a temperament (virtue) that promotes the end of human law: “living more safely and agreeably.”