Comparative and functional morphology of chevron bones among mammals

Abstract

Abstract Tail morphology and function vary considerably across mammals. While studies of the mammalian tail have paid increasing attention to the caudal vertebrae, the chevron bones, ventrally positioned elements that articulate with the caudal vertebrae of most species and that serve to protect blood vessels and provide attachment sites for tail flexor musculature, have largely been ignored. Here, morphological variation in chevron bones is documented systematically among mammals possessing different tail locomotor functions, including prehensility, terrestrial propulsion (use for pentapedal locomotion), and postural prop, during which chevron bones are presumably under different mechanical stresses or serve different mechanical roles. Several chevron bone morphotypes were identified along the tail, varying both within and between tail regions. While some morphotypes were present across many or all clades surveyed, other morphotypes were clade-specific. Chevron bone dorsoventral height was examined at key vertebral levels among closely related species with different tail locomotor functions to assess whether variation followed any functional patterns. Dorsoventral height of chevron bones differed between prehensile- and nonprehensile-tailed, prop-tailed and nonprop-tailed, and pentapedal and nonpentapedal mammals. However, small sample sizes precluded rigorous statistical analyses. Distinctions were also qualified among species (not grouped by tail locomotor function), and the utility of metrics for quantifying specific aspects of chevron bone anatomy is discussed. This study offers information about the functional morphology of mammalian tails and has implications for reconstructing tail function in the fossil record.