Investigating the factors that explain white matter hyperintensity load in older Indians

Abstract

Abstract White matter hyperintensities are areas of hyperintense signal on MRI that typically represent cerebrovascular pathology. While focal white matter hyperintensities are common among older individuals, extensive white matter hyperintensities have been found to accelerate the progression of dementia. However, little is currently known about how various socioeconomic, health, lifestyle and environmental factors affect the severity of these lesions, particularly in low- and middle-income countries such as India. We investigated this question using cross-sectional MRI data (n = 126) from a pilot neuroimaging sub-study of an ongoing, nationally representative epidemiological study of late-life cognition in India. As a screening step, we estimated white matter hyperintensity load from fluid-attenuated inversion recovery MRI using a fully automated technique and tested for associations with each factor separately, controlling for age, sex and estimated total intracranial volume in each case. A combined model of white matter hyperintensity load included five factors which were significant after multiple comparisons correction: systolic blood pressure, body mass index, urbanicity status (urban versus rural living), daily chore hours and the frequency of store trips. This model explained an additional 27% of the variance in white matter hyperintensity load (54 versus 27% for the baseline model with only age, sex and estimated total intracranial volume). We accounted for the possibility of reverse causality by additionally controlling for concurrent markers of neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment, with no substantial change in our findings. Overall, our findings suggest that controlling high blood pressure and maintaining both a healthy body mass index and high levels of physical activity may reduce white matter hyperintensity load in older Indian adults, helping to prevent or delay dementia.