Utilizing pre-polarization to enhance SNMR signals—effect of imperfect switch-off

Abstract

SUMMARYSurface nuclear magnetic resonance (SNMR) is a well-established technique for the hydrogeological characterization of the subsurface up to depths of about 150 m. Recently, SNMR has been adapted to investigate also the shallow unsaturated zone with small surface loop setups. Due to the decreased volume, a pre-polarization (PP) field prior to the classical spin excitation is applied to enhance the measured response signal. Depending on the strength and orientation of the applied PP-field, the enhancement can often reach several orders of magnitude in the vicinity of the PP-loop. The theoretically achievable enhancement depends on the assumption of an adiabatic, that is perfect, switch-off of the corresponding PP-field. To study the effect of imperfect switch-off, we incorporate full spin dynamics simulations into the SNMR forward modelling. The affected subsurface volume strongly depends on the chosen PP switch-off ramp and the geometry of the loop setup. Due to the imperfect switch-off, the resulting SNMR sounding curves can have significantly decreased signal amplitudes. For comparison, the signal amplitudes of either a 1 ms exponential or linear switch-off ramp are reduced by 17 and 65 per cent, respectively. Disregarding this effect would therefore yield an underestimation of the corresponding subsurface water content of similar magnitude.