The Human Phenotype Ontology in 2024: phenotypes around the world

Author:

Gargano Michael A1ORCID,Matentzoglu Nicolas2ORCID,Coleman Ben1ORCID,Addo-Lartey Eunice B3,Anagnostopoulos Anna V4ORCID,Anderton Joel5ORCID,Avillach Paul6ORCID,Bagley Anita M7ORCID,Bakštein Eduard8ORCID,Balhoff James P9ORCID,Baynam Gareth10,Bello Susan M4ORCID,Berk Michael11ORCID,Bertram Holli12ORCID,Bishop Somer13ORCID,Blau Hannah1ORCID,Bodenstein David F14ORCID,Botas Pablo15ORCID,Boztug Kaan16ORCID,Čady Jolana17ORCID,Callahan Tiffany J18ORCID,Cameron Rhiannon19ORCID,Carbon Seth J20ORCID,Castellanos Francisco1ORCID,Caufield J Harry20ORCID,Chan Lauren E21ORCID,Chute Christopher G22ORCID,Cruz-Rojo Jaime23ORCID,Dahan-Oliel Noémi24ORCID,Davids Jon R7ORCID,de Dieuleveult Maud25ORCID,de Souza Vinicius26,de Vries Bert B A27ORCID,de Vries Esther28ORCID,DePaulo J Raymond29ORCID,Derfalvi Beata30ORCID,Dhombres Ferdinand31ORCID,Diaz-Byrd Claudia12ORCID,Dingemans Alexander J M27ORCID,Donadille Bruno32ORCID,Duyzend Michael33ORCID,Elfeky Reem34ORCID,Essaid Shahim35ORCID,Fabrizzi Carolina36ORCID,Fico Giovanna37ORCID,Firth Helen V38ORCID,Freudenberg-Hua Yun39ORCID,Fullerton Janice M40ORCID,Gabriel Davera L41,Gilmour Kimberly42ORCID,Giordano Jessica43ORCID,Goes Fernando S29ORCID,Moses Rachel Gore44ORCID,Green Ian45,Griese Matthias46ORCID,Groza Tudor10ORCID,Gu Weihong47,Guthrie Julia48ORCID,Gyori Benjamin49ORCID,Hamosh Ada50ORCID,Hanauer Marc36ORCID,Hanušová Kateřina17ORCID,He Yongqun (Oliver)51ORCID,Hegde Harshad20ORCID,Helbig Ingo52ORCID,Holasová Kateřina17ORCID,Hoyt Charles Tapley49ORCID,Huang Shangzhi47,Hurwitz Eric53ORCID,Jacobsen Julius O B54ORCID,Jiang Xiaofeng47,Joseph Lisa55ORCID,Keramatian Kamyar56ORCID,King Bryan13ORCID,Knoflach Katrin46ORCID,Koolen David A27ORCID,Kraus Megan L53ORCID,Kroll Carlo54,Kusters Maaike42ORCID,Ladewig Markus S57ORCID,Lagorce David36ORCID,Lai Meng-Chuan58ORCID,Lapunzina Pablo59ORCID,Laraway Bryan53ORCID,Lewis-Smith David60ORCID,Li Xiarong47,Lucano Caterina36ORCID,Majd Marzieh61ORCID,Marazita Mary L5ORCID,Martinez-Glez Victor62ORCID,McHenry Toby H5,McInnis Melvin G12ORCID,McMurry Julie A53ORCID,Mihulová Michaela63ORCID,Millett Caitlin E64ORCID,Mitchell Philip B65ORCID,Moslerová Veronika63ORCID,Narutomi Kenji66,Nematollahi Shahrzad67ORCID,Nevado Julian59ORCID,Nierenberg Andrew A68ORCID,Čajbiková Nikola Novák63ORCID,Nurnberger John I69ORCID,Ogishima Soichi70ORCID,Olson Daniel71ORCID,Ortiz Abigail72ORCID,Pachajoa Harry73ORCID,Perez de Nanclares Guiomar74ORCID,Peters Amy75ORCID,Putman Tim53ORCID,Rapp Christina K46,Rath Ana36ORCID,Reese Justin20ORCID,Rekerle Lauren1ORCID,Roberts Angharad M76,Roy Suzy45,Sanders Stephan J77ORCID,Schuetz Catharina78ORCID,Schulte Eva C79ORCID,Schulze Thomas G80ORCID,Schwarz Martin63ORCID,Scott Katie81ORCID,Seelow Dominik82ORCID,Seitz Berthold83ORCID,Shen Yiping47,Similuk Morgan N44ORCID,Simon Eric S84ORCID,Singh Balwinder85ORCID,Smedley Damian54ORCID,Smith Cynthia L4ORCID,Smolinsky Jake T86ORCID,Sperry Sarah12ORCID,Stafford Elizabeth87ORCID,Stefancsik Ray26ORCID,Steinhaus Robin82ORCID,Strawbridge Rebecca88ORCID,Sundaramurthi Jagadish Chandrabose1ORCID,Talapova Polina89ORCID,Tenorio Castano Jair A59ORCID,Tesner Pavel63ORCID,Thomas Rhys H60ORCID,Thurm Audrey55ORCID,Turnovec Marek63ORCID,van Gijn Marielle E90ORCID,Vasilevsky Nicole A91ORCID,Vlčková Markéta63ORCID,Walden Anita35ORCID,Wang Kai47ORCID,Wapner Ron43ORCID,Ware James S76ORCID,Wiafe Addo A3,Wiafe Samuel A3ORCID,Wiggins Lisa D92ORCID,Williams Andrew E89ORCID,Wu Chen47,Wyrwoll Margot J93ORCID,Xiong Hui47,Yalin Nefize88ORCID,Yamamoto Yasunori94ORCID,Yatham Lakshmi N56ORCID,Yocum Anastasia K12ORCID,Young Allan H95ORCID,Yüksel Zafer96ORCID,Zandi Peter P29ORCID,Zankl Andreas97ORCID,Zarante Ignacio98ORCID,Zvolský Miroslav17ORCID,Toro Sabrina53ORCID,Carmody Leigh C1ORCID,Harris Nomi L20ORCID,Munoz-Torres Monica C35ORCID,Danis Daniel1ORCID,Mungall Christopher J20ORCID,Köhler Sebastian99ORCID,Haendel Melissa A53ORCID,Robinson Peter N1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine , Farmington , CT , USA

2. Semanticly , Athens , Greece

3. Rare Disease Ghana Initiative , Accra , Ghana

4. The Jackson Laboratory , Bar Harbor , ME , USA

5. Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA

6. Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA

7. Shriners Children's Northern California , Sacramento , CA , USA

8. National Institute of Mental Health , Klecany , Czech Republic

9. Renaissance Computing Institute, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC  27517 , USA

10. Rare Care Centre, Perth Children's Hospital , Perth , Australia

11. Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine , Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia

12. Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA

13. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weil Institute for Neuroscience , San Francisco , CA , USA

14. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada

15. Nostos Genomics GmbH , Berlin , Germany

16. St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI) , Vienna , Austria

17. Institute of Health Information and Statistics of the Czech Republic , Prague , Czech Republic

18. Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center , NY , NY , USA

19. Simon Fraser University , Burnaby , BC , Canada

20. Division of Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , CA  94720 , USA

21. College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University , Corvallis , OR  97331 , USA

22. Schools of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD  21287 , USA

23. UDISGEN (Dysmorphology and Genetics Unit), 12 de Octubre Hospital , Madrid , Spain

24. Department of Clinical Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children , Montreal , Quebec , Canada

25. Département I&D, AP-HP, Banque Nationale de Données Maladies Rares , Paris , France

26. European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus , Hinxton  CB10 1SD , UK

27. Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , Netherlands

28. Tranzo, TSB, Tilburg University , Netherlands

29. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD  21287 , USA

30. Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University , Halifax , NS , Canada

31. Fetal Medicine Department, Armand Trousseau Hospital , Sorbonne University, GRC26, INSERM, Limics, Paris , France

32. St Antoine Hospital, Reference Center for Rare Growth Endocrine Disorders, Sorbonne University, AP-HP, INSERM, US14 - Orphanet, Plateforme Maladies Rares , Paris , France

33. Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , MA , USA

34. Department of Immunology, GOS Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, University College London , London , UK

35. Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , CO  80045 , USA

36. INSERM, US14 - Orphanet, Plateforme Maladies Rares , Paris , France

37. Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM , Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain

38. Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals , Cambridge , UK

39. Department of Psychiatry, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset , NY , USA

40. Neuroscience Research Australia , Sydney , NSW , Australia

41. School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD  21287 , USA

42. Immunology, NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital BRC , London , UK

43. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center , New York , NY , USA

44. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD  20892 , USA

45. SNOMED International , London  W2 6BD , UK

46. Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, German center for Lung research (DZL) , Munich , Germany

47. Chinese HPO Consortium , Beijing , China

48. Department of Structural and Computational Biology, University of Vienna; Max Perutz Labs , Vienna , Austria

49. Khoury College of Computer Sciences, Northeastern University , Boston , MA , USA

50. Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD  21287 , USA

51. University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor , MI , USA

52. Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , PA  19104 , USA

53. University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , CO  80045 , USA

54. William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London , London , UK

55. Neurodevelopmental and Behavioral Phenotyping Service, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD , USA

56. Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC , Canada

57. Department of Ophthalmology, University Clinic Marburg - Campus Fulda , Fulda , Germany

58. Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto , ON , Canada

59. Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Univ. La Paz , Madrid , Spain

60. Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Henry Wellcome Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle University , Newcastle-Upon-Tyne  NE14LP , UK

61. Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA

62. Center for Genomic Medicine, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d’Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT-CERCA) , Sabadell , Spain

63. Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, 2nd Medical Faculty of Charles University and University Hospital Motol , Prague , Czech Republic

64. Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health , Manhasset , NY , USA

65. Discipline of Psychiatry & Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of New South Wales , Sydney , NSW , Australia

66. Okinawa Prefectural Nanbu Medical Center & Children's Medical Center

67. School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University , Montreal , Quebec , Canada

68. Dauten Family Center for Bipolar Treatment Innovation, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , MA , USA

69. Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Departments of Psychiatry and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA

70. INGEM/ToMMo, Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan

71. Data Collaboration Center, Data Science, Critical Path Institute , Tucson , AZ , USA

72. Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada

73. Centro de Investigaciones en Anomalías Congénitas y Enfermedades Raras (CIACER), Universidad Icesi , Cali , Colombia

74. Molecular (epi) genetics lab, Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Araba University Hospital , Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain

75. Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , MA , USA

76. National Heart & Lung Institute & MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London , London  W12 0HS , UK

77. Department of Paediatrics, Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK

78. Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Medizinische Fakultät, TU , Dresden , Germany

79. Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich , Munich , Germany

80. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University , Syracuse , NY , USA

81. Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University , Halifax , NS , Canada

82. Exploratory Diagnostic Sciences, Berliner Institut für Gesundheitsforschung - Charité , Berlin , Germany

83. Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center UKS , Homburg/Saar , Germany

84. Eisenberg Family Depression Center, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA

85. Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA

86. Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University , Piscataway , NJ , USA

87. The National Alliance on Mental Illness , Arlington , VA , USA

88. Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London , London , UK

89. Institute for Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medicine , Boston , MA  2111 , USA

90. Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands

91. Critical Path Institute , Tucson , AZ , USA

92. National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA, USA

93. Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Research, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK

94. Database Center for Life Science, Joint Support-Center for Data Science Research, Research Organization of Information and Systems , Japan

95. Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London & South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital , Monks Orchard Road , Beckenham , Kent , London  SE5 8AF , UK

96. Department of Human Genetics, Bioscientia Healthcare GmbH , Ingelheim , Germany

97. Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney , Camperdown , Australia

98. Institute of Human Genetics, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana , Bogotá , Colombia

99. Ada Health GmbH , Berlin , Germany

Abstract

Abstract The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) is a widely used resource that comprehensively organizes and defines the phenotypic features of human disease, enabling computational inference and supporting genomic and phenotypic analyses through semantic similarity and machine learning algorithms. The HPO has widespread applications in clinical diagnostics and translational research, including genomic diagnostics, gene-disease discovery, and cohort analytics. In recent years, groups around the world have developed translations of the HPO from English to other languages, and the HPO browser has been internationalized, allowing users to view HPO term labels and in many cases synonyms and definitions in ten languages in addition to English. Since our last report, a total of 2239 new HPO terms and 49235 new HPO annotations were developed, many in collaboration with external groups in the fields of psychiatry, arthrogryposis, immunology and cardiology. The Medical Action Ontology (MAxO) is a new effort to model treatments and other measures taken for clinical management. Finally, the HPO consortium is contributing to efforts to integrate the HPO and the GA4GH Phenopacket Schema into electronic health records (EHRs) with the goal of more standardized and computable integration of rare disease data in EHRs.

Funder

NIH

French Ministry of Health

NHGRI

NCATS

Horizon 2020

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

DARPA Automating Scientific Knowledge Extraction and Modeling program

Berlin Institute of Health

Wellcome Trust

Angela Wright Bennett Foundation

McCusker Charitable Foundation

Channel 7 Telethon Trusts

the Stan Perron Charitable Foundation and Mineral Resources

German Research Foundation

NLM

Canadian Institutes of Health Research Sex and Gender Science Chair

U.S. Department of Energy

NIMH

NICHD

NIDCR

Prechter Bipolar Research Program

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Genetics

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