ATM, KAP1 and the Epstein–Barr virus polymerase processivity factor direct traffic at the intersection of transcription and replication

Abstract

Abstract The timing of transcription and replication must be carefully regulated for heavily-transcribed genomes of double-stranded DNA viruses: transcription of immediate early/early genes must decline as replication ramps up from the same genome—ensuring efficient and timely replication of viral genomes followed by their packaging by structural proteins. To understand how the prototypic DNA virus Epstein–Barr virus tackles the logistical challenge of switching from transcription to DNA replication, we examined the proteome at viral replication forks. Specifically, to transition from transcription, the viral DNA polymerase-processivity factor EA-D is SUMOylated by the epigenetic regulator and E3 SUMO-ligase KAP1/TRIM28. KAP1’s SUMO2-ligase function is triggered by phosphorylation via the PI3K-related kinase ATM and the RNA polymerase II-associated helicase RECQ5 at the transcription machinery. SUMO2-EA-D then recruits the histone loader CAF1 and the methyltransferase SETDB1 to silence the parental genome via H3K9 methylation, prioritizing replication. Thus, a key viral protein and host DNA repair, epigenetic and transcription-replication interference pathways orchestrate the handover from transcription-to-replication, a fundamental feature of DNA viruses.