Use of Liquid Chromatography--Tandem Mass Spectrometry to Quantify and Confirm the Fentanyl MetaboliteN-[1-(2-Phenethy-4-Piperidinyl)] Maloanilinic Acid in Equine Urine for Doping Control

Abstract

AbstractFentanyl, a powerful synthetic mu opioid receptor agonist, is banned in equine sports by the Association of Racing Commissioners International and the Fédération Équestre Internationale. The presence of fentanyl in equine blood has been confirmed during routine post-race screening for doping substances in the authors’ laboratory. While fentanyl can be detected and confirmed in blood, it is rapidly metabolized, and screening for the metabolite N-[1-(2-phenethy-4-piperidinyl)] maloanilinic acid (PMA) in equine urine is expected to allow for a longer detection time. In this study, a quantitative and confirmatory liquid chromatography--tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS-MS) method was developed for PMA analysis in equine urine. PMA was extracted by solid phase extraction, separated on a C18 column and detected using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The mass spectrometer was operated in positive-ion mode, and multiple reaction monitoring was used to monitor product ions m/z 188, m/z 281 and m/z 323. The method was validated for extraction recovery, matrix effect, specificity, sensitivity, precision and accuracy, carryover and processed sample stability according to the guidelines of the US Food and Drug Administration for bioanalysis. The limits of detection and quantification were 5 and 10 pg/mL, respectively. Linearity was obtained over the concentration range of 10–10,000 pg/mL. To confirm PMA in equine urine, LC retention time, diagnostic product ions (m/z 188, m/z 281 and m/z 323) and product ion ratio were used as the criteria. The lowest concentration for confirmatory analysis was validated at 50 pg/mL. The method was applied to measure the PMA concentrations in equine urine following intravenous administration of fentanyl to a research horse and has confirmed the presence of PMA in post-race urine samples. This method is a valuable addition to the arsenal of equine doping control methods to combat illegal doping and protect racehorse health.