The mysterious diadenosine tetraphosphate (AP4A)

Author:

Zegarra Victor1ORCID,Mais Christopher-Nils1,Freitag Johannes2,Bange Gert13ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Chemistry and Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps University Marburg , Marburg 35043 , Germany

2. Department of Biology, Philipps University Marburg , Marburg 35043 , Germany

3. Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology , Marburg 35043 , Germany

Abstract

Abstract Dinucleoside polyphosphates, a class of nucleotides found amongst all the Trees of Life, have been gathering a lot of attention in the past decades due to their putative role as cellular alarmones. In particular, diadenosine tetraphosphate (AP4A) has been widely studied in bacteria facing various environmental challenges and has been proposed to be important for ensuring cellular survivability through harsh conditions. Here, we discuss the current understanding of AP4A synthesis and degradation, protein targets, their molecular structure where possible, and insights into the molecular mechanisms of AP4A action and its physiological consequences. Lastly, we will briefly touch on what is known with regards to AP4A beyond the bacterial kingdom, given its increasing appearance in the eukaryotic world. Altogether, the notion that AP4A is a conserved second messenger in organisms ranging from bacteria to humans and is able to signal and modulate cellular stress regulation seems promising.

Funder

Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft

Max Planck Society

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

General Medicine

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