Vitamin D Deficiency Is Associated with Disrupted Cholesterol Homeostasis in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment

Abstract

ABSTRACT Background Several studies have reported that dietary and serum concentrations of vitamin D and cholesterol are correlated with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, little is known about whether 25 hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], lipids, and oxysterols are related to cognitive function. Objective This study sought to explore the relations between 25(OH)D, lipids, oxysterols, and cognitive function. Methods In this study, about 209 MCI patients and 209 age- and gender-matched healthy controls were recruited from the Shanxi province of China (49.5% male; median [IQR] age: 63 [59–66] y). Serum concentrations of 25(OH)D, lipids, and oxysterols were measured using ultra-performance LC-MS. Cognitive performance was determined via comprehensive mental, verbal, and auditory cognitive tests. Dietary information was collected using a semiquantitative FFQ and 3 consecutive days of 24-h dietary recalls. Logistic regression analyses, Spearman's correlation, and partial correlation analyses were used to explore correlation between the variables. Results Participants with vitamin D deficiency [serum 25(OH)D <20.0 ng/mL] were 3 times more likely to develop MCI compared to those with adequate vitamin D (≥30 ng/mL) concentrations. The AUC of 25(OH)D was 0.72 and the cut-off was 16.5 ng/mL (sensitivity:  50.3%,  specificity: 84.4%). Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were negatively correlated with total cholesterol (TC) (r = –0.19, P = 0.02), LDL-cholesterol (r = –0.17, P = 0.04), and 24S,25-epoxycholesterol (24S,25-epoxy-CHO) (r = –0.21, P = 0.01). Conversely, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) (r = 0.185, P < 0.001) and symbol digit modalities test (SDMT) (r = 0.11, P = 0.03) scores were positively correlated with serum 25(OH)D concentrations. Conclusion The study identified significant differences in serum 25(OH)D concentrations between MCI patients and cognitive healthy controls, and there was a correlation between serum concentrations of 25(OH)D, lipids, and oxysterols and cognitive impairment among people. This study was registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry as ChiCTR1900025452.