Disturbance in the potential cardiovascular–bone–skeletal muscle axis and morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing haemodialysis: the Q-Cohort Study

Abstract

ABSTRACT Background Disturbances in the cardiovascular system, bone and skeletal muscle are independent risk factors for death among patients receiving haemodialysis (HD). However, the combined impact of disorders of these three organs on morbidity and mortality is unclear in the HD population. Methods A total of 3031 Japanese patients on maintenance HD were prospectively followed. The outcomes were all-cause mortality, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and bone fracture. Patients were divided into four groups (G1–G4) according to the baseline number of diseased organs represented as histories of cardiovascular disease and bone fractures and the presence of low skeletal muscle mass as follows: G1, no organ; G2, one organ; G3, two organs; G4, three organs. Multivariable-adjusted survival models were used to analyse associations between the number of diseased organs and outcomes. Results During a 4-year follow-up, 499 deaths, 540 MACE and 140 bone fractures occurred. In the Cox proportional hazards model, the risk for all-cause mortality was significantly higher in G2, G3 and G4 than in G1 as the reference {hazard ratio: G2, 2.16 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.65–2.84], G3, 3.10 [95% CI 2.27–4.23] and G4, 3.11 [95% CI 1.89–5.14]}. Similarly, the risks for developing MACE and bone fractures were significantly elevated as the number of organ disorders increased. Conclusions Multiple disorders of the cardiovascular–bone–skeletal muscle axis are strong predictors of morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing HD.