Greatest changes in objective sleep architecture during COVID-19 lockdown in night owls with increased REM sleep

Author:

Pépin Jean-Louis12,Bailly Sébastien12,Mordret Ernest3,Gaucher Jonathan12ORCID,Tamisier Renaud12ORCID,Ben Messaoud Raoua12,Arnal Pierrick J3,Mignot Emmanuel4

Affiliation:

1. HP2 Laboratory, INSERM U1042, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France

2. EFCR Laboratory, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France

3. Dreem SAS, Science Team, Paris, France

4. Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA

Abstract

Abstract Study Objectives The COVID-19 pandemic has had dramatic effects on society and people’s daily habits. In this observational study, we recorded objective data on sleep macro- and microarchitecture repeatedly over several nights before and during the COVID-19 government-imposed lockdown. The main objective was to evaluate changes in patterns of sleep duration and architecture during home confinement using the pre-confinement period as a control. Methods Participants were regular users of a sleep-monitoring headband that records, stores, and automatically analyzes physiological data in real time, equivalent to polysomnography. We measured sleep onset duration, total sleep time, duration of sleep stages (N2, N3, and rapid eye movement [REM]), and sleep continuity. Via the user’s smartphone application, participants filled in questionnaires on how lockdown changed working hours, eating behavior, and daily life at home. They also filled in the Insomnia Severity Index, reduced Morningness–Eveningness Questionnaire, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale questionnaires, allowing us to create selected subgroups. Results The 599 participants were mainly men (71%) of median age 47 (interquartile range: 36–59). Compared to before lockdown, during lockdown individuals slept more overall (mean +3·83 min; SD: ±1.3), had less deep sleep (N3), more light sleep (N2), and longer REM sleep (mean +3·74 min; SD: ±0.8). They exhibited less weekend-specific changes, suggesting less sleep restriction during the week. Changes were most pronounced in individuals reporting eveningness preferences, suggesting relative sleep deprivation in this population and exacerbated sensitivity to societal changes. Conclusion This unique dataset should help us understand the effects of lockdown on sleep architecture and on our health.

Funder

Agence Nationale de la Recherche

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Physiology (medical),Neurology (clinical)

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