Nightmares: an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

Abstract

Abstract Study Objectives Prior work has established associations between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), disrupted sleep, and cardiovascular disease (CVD), but few studies have examined health correlates of nightmares beyond risks conferred by PTSD. This study examined associations between nightmares and CVD in military veterans. Methods Participants were veterans (N = 3468; 77% male) serving since September 11, 2001, aged 38 years (SD = 10.4); approximately 30% were diagnosed with PTSD. Nightmare frequency and severity were assessed using the Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS). Self-reported medical issues were assessed using the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study Self-report Medical Questionnaire. Mental health disorders were established using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. The sample was stratified by the presence or absence of PTSD. Within-group associations between nightmare frequency and severity and self-reported CVD conditions, adjusting for age, sex, race, current smoking, depression, and sleep duration. Results Frequent and severe nightmares during the past week were endorsed by 32% and 35% of participants, respectively. Those endorsing nightmares that were frequent, severe, and the combination thereof were more likely to also evidence high blood pressure (ORs 1.42, OR 1.56, and OR 1.47, respectively) and heart problems (OR 1.43, OR 1.48, and OR 1.59, respectively) after adjusting for PTSD diagnosis and other covariates. Conclusions Nightmare frequency and severity among veterans are associated with cardiovascular conditions, even after controlling for PTSD diagnosis. Study findings suggest that nightmares may be an independent risk factor for CVD. Additional research is needed to validate these findings using confirmed diagnoses and explore potential mechanisms.