1. Department of Neurological Surgery, OHSU, Portland, Oregon
2. School of Public Health and Center for Policy Re-search, OHSU, Portland, Oregon
3. Division of Trauma, Critical Care and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, OHSU, Portland, Oregon
4. Division of Cardio-thoracic Surgery, University of Wash-ington, Seattle, Washington
5. Trauma Services, Legacy Emanuel Hospital and Health Services, Portland, Oregon