Nitrogen addition affects floral and vegetative traits, reproduction, and pollinator performance in Capsicum annuum L.

Abstract

Abstract Background and Aims It has been demonstrated that nitrogen (N) addition alters flower morphology, floral rewards and pollinator performance. However, little is known about the effects of N addition on plant reproduction, including fruit set and seed set during selfing and outcrossing, floral and vegetative traits, and pollinator performance. We hypothesized that N addition would influence fruit set, seed set in selfed and outcrossed flowers, the relationship between vegetative and flower traits, and pollinator performance. Methods A 2-year pot experiment was conducted in which Capsicum annuum was exposed to three levels of relatively short-term N supply, i.e. 0 g m–2 (no N addition, as a control), 4 g m–2 (4N) and 16 g m–2 (16N), which are equivalent to about 0-, 1- and 4-fold of the peak local N deposition. We measured flower rewards, flower morphology, flowering phenology, as well as pollinator visitation rate, fruit set and seed set by self- and outcross-fertilization of C. annuum. Results The four levels of N addition increased plant biomass, biomass allocation to flowers, flower size, stigma–anther separation, nectar production and pollen production, resulting in an increase in pollinator visitation and fruit set. Nevertheless, the control and 16 levels of N addition reduced plant biomass, biomass allocation to flowers, flower size and stigma–anther separation, and nectar and pollen production, and consequently decreased pollinator visitation and fruit set. Exclusion of pollinators and hand-pollination experiments revealed that low levels of N addition were associated with high seed set in outcrossed flowers; however, this trend was reversed in flowers grown in the control and 16N treatments. Conclusion Our results suggest that an optimal level of 4N can enhance the correlation between flower traits, pollinator performance and plant reproduction. Our findings cast new light on the underlying mechanisms of plant–pollinator interactions and plant adaptation to nitrogen deposition.