Application of the Aliivibrio fischeri bacterium bioassay for assessing single and mixture effects of antibiotics and copper

Abstract

Abstract The Aliivibrio fischeri bioassay was successfully applied in order to evaluate the acute effect of sulfamethoxazole (SMX), ciprofloxacin (CIP), chlortetracycline (CTC) and copper (Cu), alone or in binary, ternary, and overall mixture. The toxicity results are reported in terms of both effective concentrations, which inhibited 50% of the bacterium bioluminescence (EC50%), and in Toxic Units (TUs). The TUs were compared with predicted values obtained using the Concentration Addition model (CA). Finally, the toxicity of water extracts from a soil contaminated by the three antibiotics (7 mg Kg−1 each) in the presence/absence of copper (30 mg Kg−1) was also evaluated. Copper was the most toxic chemical (EC50: 0.78 mg L-1), followed by CTC (EC50: 3.64 mg L−1), CIP (96 mg L−1) and SMX (196 mg L−1). Comparing the TU and CA values of the mixtures, additive effects were generally found. However, a synergic action was recorded in the case of the CIP+Cu co-presence and antagonistic effects in the case of CTC+Cu and the ternary mixture (containing each antibiotic at 0.7 mg L−1), were identified. Soil water extracts did not show any toxicity, demonstrating the buffering ability of the soil to immobilize these chemicals.