1. Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
2. Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
3. Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
4. Center for Medical Interoperability, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
5. International Center for Surgical Safety, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Ontario, Canada
6. Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Surgical Analytics Lab, Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA