Same-Sex Couples under the International Right to Marry

Author:

Waaldijk Kees1

Affiliation:

1. International Legal Studies, Leiden University

Abstract

Abstract This analysis of the textual history of the international human right to marry, and of the international case law on same-sex marriage, argues that this right does not exclude same-sex couples. The words ‘men and women’ in this right were not inserted to codify heterosexual exclusivity, but to emphasize equality of women and men. Several international human rights bodies now consider this gender-neutral right applicable to same-sex couples, but still allow countries (at least for some transitional period) to keep excluding them from marriage. With the growing number of countries opening up marriage, and with the increased focus on non-discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation, two trends in international law have emerged: to require some alternative recognition when same-sex couples are excluded from marriage (e.g. cohabitation rights or registered partnership), and to require recognition of existing same-sex marriages (including foreign marriages, and marriages where a transgender spouse changes legal gender).

Publisher

Oxford University Press

Reference18 articles.

1. ILGA World Database (ILGA World—The International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association, online since 2023, https://database.ilga.org, regularly updated; see in particular its Area 1.15: ‘Same-Sex Marriage and Civil Unions’, which builds on ILGA World’s annual State-Sponsored Homophobia reports, since 2007, https://ilga.org/state-sponsored-homophobia-report).

2. Kees Waaldijk et al (eds), The LawsAndFamilies Database—Aspects of Legal Family Formats for Same-Sex and Different-Sex Couples (INED 2017, http://www.lawsandfamilies.eu) (see in particular its section ‘Legal data in source papers’, https://www.lawsandfamilies.eu/en/legal-project/data, which contains papers about each of the 21 countries covered).

3. Marriage: A Human Right for All?;Sydney Law Review,2014

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