This chapter explores the issue of same-sex relations and the New Testament. It begins by surveying sexual protocols in the Roman world and situating the topic in broader biblical context. It then analyzes Romans 1:18–32, focusing especially on different scholarly approaches to this vexed and difficult text. Through a critical engagement with the work of Kyle Harper, the chapter attempts to surface and consolidate a set of interrelated interpretive issues that, so it argues, must necessarily attend any exegesis of Romans 1:18–32 that seeks to interpret the text within the larger history of sexuality. These include (1) the negotiation of continuity and difference; (2) the question of Paul’s silences; (3) the role of Judaism; and 4) the problem of the active partner.