HIV/AIDS is one of the most devastating public health threats facing the modern world, and its eradication relies heavily on the performance of individual risk-reduction and treatment behaviors. In this chapter, a bidirectional lens is applied to consider how stigma systematically and synergistically constrains individual ability to perform behaviors critical to the effective prevention and treatment of HIV (e.g., sexual risk reduction and medication adherence), which ultimately compromises physical health. In addition to producing increased stigma, compromised physical health may further inhibit HIV risk-reduction and treatment behaviors. Interventions capable of mitigating these bidirectional effects are then discussed. Finally, the chapter discusses the implications of the conceptual model in illuminating the causes of persistent disparities in HIV incidence and treatment outcomes.