Diplomacy in Times of Crisis in the GCC

Abstract

Abstract This chapter examines the use of social media, specifically Twitter, by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Embassies of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries during two significant periods in recent history: the Blockade (2017–2021) and the Covid-19 pandemic (2019–2021). The GCC is a unique region where countries share similarities while also highlighting their distinct differences. This is evident in their responses to the Blockade and the Covid-19 pandemic, as well as the way these events were framed and interpreted online by both the public and officials. The analysis in this chapter reveals a gap between the public’s concern for pressing issues affecting humanity and the states’ focus on individual power. The GCC’s digital diplomacy is driven by power and competition. Trust in social media platforms and trust in governments continue to be major concerns. The chapter also highlights existing digital restrictions, such as restrictions on VoIP technology, safety and privacy concerns resulting from digital tracking and surveillance, and the weaponization of social media as realities that must be taken into account in the practice of digital diplomacy in the region. Both cases examined show that digital diplomacy is not currently a useful practice for relationship management in the GCC. Despite efforts to maintain a unified identity, mistrust and suspicion continue to plague the region. The chapter argues that digital diplomacy has the potential to rebuild trust, but it is not sufficient on its own.