This chapter reviews the literature examining fetal and infant neurobehavioral development. Basic fetal neurological development and neurobehavioral functioning are reviewed. Major fetal neurobehavioral milestones and their assessment are addressed and include fetal behavioral states, heart rate, movement, and responsivity to stimuli. The processes of neurological growth from birth to age 2 are reviewed. Infant neurobehavioral development is addressed and includes state regulation and sleep, physical growth and motor development, and the basic processes underlying social-emotional development. For fetus and infant, research examining the associations between neurobehavioral development and maternal distress and poverty is reviewed. The implications for future directions in fetal-infant neurobehavioral research are discussed.