Quantitative MRI adds to neuropsychiatric lupus diagnostics

Abstract

Abstract Objective Attributing neuropsychiatric manifestations to SLE is often challenging. Brain white matter lesions are frequent in SLE at MRI, but their diagnostic role is unclear. Here, we assessed whether white matter lesions count, volume and distribution measurement can help in the diagnosis of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE). Methods Brain dual-echo and 3D T1-weighted sequences were acquired from 32 patients with SLE and 32 healthy controls with a 3 T-scanner and employed to derive T2-hyperintense lesion volume (T2LV), number (T2LN) and probability maps (LPM) using a semi-automatic local thresholding segmentation technique. NPSLE was classified as per the ACR nomenclature, the Italian Society for Rheumatology algorithm and by clinical impression. Clinical descriptors including the SLE International Collaborating Clinics/ACR damage index (SDI) were also recorded. Results Higher T2LV were observed in SLE vs healthy controls (P < 0.001) and in NPSLE vs other SLE (P =0.006). Patients with NPSLE also had higher T2LN (P =0.003) compared with other SLE. In SLE, T2LPM revealed a high prevalence of lesions in the splenium of the corpus callosum, right superior longitudinal fasciculus and right corona radiata. T2LV and T2LN correlated with SLE duration (rho = 0.606; P <0.001 and rho = 0.483; P =0.005, respectively) and age (rho = 0.478; P =0.006 and rho = 0.362; P = 0.042, respectively). T2LV also correlated with SDI (rho = 0.352; P =0.048). SLE patients with fatigue had lower T2LN (P =0.038) compared with patients without fatigue. Thresholds of T2LV ≥ 0.423 cm3 or of T2LN ≥ 12 were associated with definite NPSLE and improved the classification of patients with possible NPSLE per clinical impression. Conclusion Brain white matter lesions (WML) quantitation adds to NPSLE diagnostics.