Longitudinal Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Stress and Occupational Well-Being of Mental Health Professionals: An International Study

Author:

Kogan Cary S1ORCID,Garcia-Pacheco José A2,Rebello Tahilia J3,Montoya Madeline I1,Robles Rebeca4,Khoury Brigitte5ORCID,Kulygina Maya6,Matsumoto Chihiro7,Huang Jingjing8,Medina-Mora María Elena9,Gureje Oye10,Stein Dan J1112ORCID,Sharan Pratap13,Gaebel Wolfgang14,Kanba Shigenobu15,Andrews Howard F16,Roberts Michael C17,Pike Kathleen M18,Zhao Min8,Ayuso-Mateos José Luis19,Sadowska Karolina3,Maré Karen11,Denny Keith20,Reed Geoffrey M21

Affiliation:

1. School of Psychology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario , Canada

2. Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económica , Mexico City , Mexico

3. Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons , New York, New York , USA

4. Center for Global Mental Health Research, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz , Mexico City , Mexico

5. Department of Psychiatry, American University of Beirut Medical Center , Beirut , Lebanon

6. Training and Research Centre, Mental-health clinic No.1 named after N.A. Alekseev , Moscow , Russian Federation

7. Japanese Society of Psychiatry and Neurology , Tokyo , Japan

8. Shanghai Mental Health Center and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , People’s Republic of China

9. Faculty of Psychology, National Autonomous University of Mexico and Center for Global Mental Health Research, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz , Mexico City , Mexico

10. WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Mental Health, Neuroscience, Drug and Alcohol Abuse, Department of Psychiatry, University of Ibadan , Ibadan , Nigeria

11. Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory , South Africa

12. SAMRC Unit on Risk and Resilience on Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital , Observatory , South Africa

13. Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi , India

14. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany

15. Kyushu University, Fukuoka and Japan Depression Center , Tokyo , Japan

16. Departments of Biostatistics and Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Medical Center , New York, New York , USA

17. Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas , Lawrence, Kansas , USA

18. Departments of Psychiatry and Epidemiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center , New York, New York , USA

19. Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigacíon Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Investigacíon Sanitaria La Princesa , Madrid , Spain

20. Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Carleton University , Ottawa, Ontario , Canada

21. Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons , New York, New York , USA

Abstract

Abstract Background Increased levels of occupational stress among health professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic have been documented. Few studies have examined the effects of the pandemic on mental health professionals despite the heightened demand for their services. Method A multilingual, longitudinal, global survey was conducted at 3 time points during the pandemic among members of the World Health Organization’s Global Clinical Practice Network. A total of 786 Global Clinical Practice Network members from 86 countries responded to surveys assessing occupational distress, well-being, and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Results On average, respondents’ well-being deteriorated across time while their posttraumatic stress symptoms showed a modest improvement. Linear growth models indicated that being female, being younger, providing face-to-face health services to patients with COVID-19, having been a target of COVID-related violence, and living in a low- or middle-income country or a country with a higher COVID-19 death rate conveyed greater risk for poor well-being and higher level of stress symptoms over time. Growth mixed modeling identified trajectories of occupational well-being and stress symptoms. Most mental health professions demonstrated no impact to well-being; maintained moderate, nonclinical levels of stress symptoms; or showed improvements after an initial period of difficulty. However, some participant groups exhibited deteriorating well-being approaching the clinical threshold (25.8%) and persistently high and clinically significant levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms (19.6%) over time. Conclusions This study indicates that although most mental health professionals exhibited stable, positive well-being and low stress symptoms during the pandemic, a substantial minority of an already burdened global mental health workforce experienced persistently poor or deteriorating psychological status over the course of the pandemic.

Funder

Canadian Institutes of Health Research

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Pharmacology (medical),Psychiatry and Mental health,Pharmacology

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