Present and Future of Immunotherapy in Patients With Glioblastoma: Limitations and Opportunities

Author:

Maccari Marta1,Baek Chooyoung2,Caccese Mario1,Mandruzzato Susanna34,Fiorentino Alba56,Internò Valeria7,Bosio Alberto1,Cerretti Giulia1,Padovan Marta1,Idbaih Ahmed2ORCID,Lombardi Giuseppe1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Oncology, Oncology 1, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS , Padova , Italy

2. Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, DMU Neurosciences, Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin , Paris , France

3. Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova , Padova , Italy

4. Immunology and Molecular Oncology Diagnostics, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV - IRCCS , Padova , Italy

5. Department of Radiation Oncology, Miulli General Regional Hospital , Acquaviva delle Fonti, Bari , Italy

6. Department of Medicine and Surgery, LUM University , Casamassima, Bari , Italy

7. Oncology Unit, San Paolo Hospital , Bari , Italy

Abstract

Abstract Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary malignant brain tumor. Standard therapies, including surgical resection, chemoradiation, and tumor treating fields, have not resulted in major improvements in the survival outcomes of patients with GBM. The lack of effective strategies has led to an increasing interest in immunotherapic approaches, considering the success in other solid tumors. However, GBM is a highly immunosuppressive tumor, as documented by the presence of several mechanisms of immune escape, which may represent a reason why immunotherapy clinical trials failed in this kind of tumor. In this review, we examine the current landscape of immunotherapy strategies in GBM, focusing on the challenge of immunoresistance and potential mechanisms to overcome it. We discussed completed and ongoing clinical trials involving immune checkpoint inhibitors, oncolytic viruses, vaccines, and CAR T-cell therapies, to provide insights into the efficacy and outcomes of different immunotherapeutic interventions. We also explore the impact of radiotherapy on the immune system within the GBM microenvironment highlighting the complex interactions between radiation treatment and the immune response.

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Cancer Research,Oncology

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