Towards assessing subcortical “deep brain” biomarkers of PTSD with functional near-infrared spectroscopy

Author:

Balters Stephanie1ORCID,Schlichting Marc R2,Foland-Ross Lara1,Brigadoi Sabrina3,Miller Jonas G4ORCID,Kochenderfer Mykel J2,Garrett Amy S5,Reiss Allan L167

Affiliation:

1. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University , 94305 Stanford, CA , USA

2. Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University , 94305 Stanford, CA , USA

3. Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialisation, University of Padova , 35122 Padova PD , Italy

4. Department of Psychology, Stanford University , 94305 Stanford, CA , USA

5. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , 78229 San Antonio, TX , USA

6. Department of Radiology, Stanford University , 94304 Palo Alto, CA , USA

7. Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University , 94304 Palo Alto, CA , USA

Abstract

Abstract Assessment of brain function with functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is limited to the outer regions of the cortex. Previously, we demonstrated the feasibility of inferring activity in subcortical “deep brain” regions using cortical functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and fNIRS activity in healthy adults. Access to subcortical regions subserving emotion and arousal using affordable and portable fNIRS is likely to be transformative for clinical diagnostic and treatment planning. Here, we validate the feasibility of inferring activity in subcortical regions that are central to the pathophysiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; i.e. amygdala and hippocampus) using cortical fMRI and simulated fNIRS activity in a sample of adolescents diagnosed with PTSD (N = 20, mean age = 15.3 ± 1.9 years) and age-matched healthy controls (N = 20, mean age = 14.5 ± 2.0 years) as they performed a facial expression task. We tested different prediction models, including linear regression, a multilayer perceptron neural network, and a k-nearest neighbors model. Inference of subcortical fMRI activity with cortical fMRI showed high prediction performance for the amygdala (r > 0.91) and hippocampus (r > 0.95) in both groups. Using fNIRS simulated data, relatively high prediction performance for deep brain regions was maintained in healthy controls (r > 0.79), as well as in youths with PTSD (r > 0.75). The linear regression and neural network models provided the best predictions.

Funder

National Institute of Mental Health

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience,Cognitive Neuroscience

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