The Speed of Development of Adolescent Brain Age Depends on Sex and Is Genetically Determined

Author:

Brouwer Rachel M1ORCID,Schutte Jelle1,Janssen Ronald1,Boomsma Dorret I2,Hulshoff Pol Hilleke E1,Schnack Hugo G1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands

2. Department of Biological Psychology and Netherlands Twin Register, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands

Abstract

Abstract Children and adolescents show high variability in brain development. Brain age—the estimated biological age of an individual brain—can be used to index developmental stage. In a longitudinal sample of adolescents (age 9–23 years), including monozygotic and dizygotic twins and their siblings, structural magnetic resonance imaging scans (N = 673) at 3 time points were acquired. Using brain morphology data of different types and at different spatial scales, brain age predictors were trained and validated. Differences in brain age between males and females were assessed and the heritability of individual variation in brain age gaps was calculated. On average, females were ahead of males by at most 1 year, but similar aging patterns were found for both sexes. The difference between brain age and chronological age was heritable, as was the change in brain age gap over time. In conclusion, females and males show similar developmental (“aging”) patterns but, on average, females pass through this development earlier. Reliable brain age predictors may be used to detect (extreme) deviations in developmental state of the brain early, possibly indicating aberrant development as a sign of risk of neurodevelopmental disorders.

Funder

Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek

European Research Council

Universiteit Utrecht

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience,Cognitive Neuroscience

Reference56 articles.

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